1 00:00:03,929 --> 00:00:09,030 Marcus Atilius, a distinguished citizen of Pompeii. 2 00:00:09,650 --> 00:00:13,090 The Atilius family are known back into Roman history. 3 00:00:13,670 --> 00:00:17,470 He would have borne all the weight of responsibility of that name. 4 00:00:17,770 --> 00:00:22,850 A man who could watch gladiator games from the safety of the stands. 5 00:00:23,290 --> 00:00:25,750 Marcus may have been attracted to this life. 6 00:00:26,170 --> 00:00:28,970 The crowd screaming your name in the arena. 7 00:00:31,310 --> 00:00:32,689 Everything changes. 8 00:00:33,320 --> 00:00:39,080 when he throws away his comfortable life to step into the arena, choosing to 9 00:00:39,080 --> 00:00:42,460 risk his life to fight as a gladiator. 10 00:00:43,420 --> 00:00:47,580 Why would a free man sign up to be a gladiator and face death? 11 00:00:48,360 --> 00:00:49,900 This is no different than the army. 12 00:00:50,320 --> 00:00:53,400 You are bound by the terms of your contract. 13 00:00:54,200 --> 00:00:56,240 You were a piece of property. 14 00:00:56,860 --> 00:00:58,720 You were there to be used. 15 00:01:03,560 --> 00:01:07,820 He is about to enter the arena in Pompeii for the first time. 16 00:01:08,200 --> 00:01:09,960 He can already hear the roar. 17 00:01:11,200 --> 00:01:13,900 There's a lot riding on this combat. 18 00:01:14,740 --> 00:01:19,180 His name, but also his economic freedom. 19 00:01:20,660 --> 00:01:26,660 The odds are stacked against him as he faces some of Rome's fiercest fighters. 20 00:01:27,280 --> 00:01:32,100 For generations, his family may have been spectators of the game, and now 21 00:01:32,100 --> 00:01:32,798 he is. 22 00:01:32,800 --> 00:01:35,400 one of their own descendants, fighting in the arena. 23 00:01:36,120 --> 00:01:42,900 But on the horizon, something more deadly reckons all of Pompeii. 24 00:02:05,070 --> 00:02:08,050 Pompeii is quite a different place to Rome. 25 00:02:08,630 --> 00:02:11,050 Rome is a gigantic city. 26 00:02:11,790 --> 00:02:18,170 Pompeii is a prosperous and a nice little town. They're in Campania, near a 27 00:02:18,170 --> 00:02:20,950 river, which makes trade relatively easy. 28 00:02:21,650 --> 00:02:27,330 While being very influenced by Rome, Pompeii was part of a different range of 29 00:02:27,330 --> 00:02:28,750 cultures to Rome itself. 30 00:02:29,070 --> 00:02:32,210 It had all sorts of different peoples that lived in it over centuries. 31 00:02:33,390 --> 00:02:37,510 It was a place of complex and diverse cultures and languages. 32 00:02:38,030 --> 00:02:44,790 A pretty nice place to be, but certainly nothing compared to the scale or the 33 00:02:44,790 --> 00:02:46,230 grandeur of Rome. 34 00:02:46,850 --> 00:02:53,650 Rome used to be a small city -state, but over the centuries it has expanded its 35 00:02:53,650 --> 00:02:57,770 reach across Italy, asserting control over its neighbours. 36 00:02:58,310 --> 00:03:01,350 In 89 BC, Pompeii was conquered. 37 00:03:02,000 --> 00:03:04,240 and it became a Roman colony. 38 00:03:06,420 --> 00:03:11,260 There are more Romans within the city, and the Romans are now in serious power 39 00:03:11,260 --> 00:03:12,700 within that city. 40 00:03:13,560 --> 00:03:18,160 The Romans had established themselves in Pompeii. They set about building 41 00:03:18,160 --> 00:03:21,860 Italy's first stone amphitheater for gladiatorial combat. 42 00:03:27,340 --> 00:03:32,300 Up to this point, the gladiatorial combat was held in temporary wooden 43 00:03:32,300 --> 00:03:34,700 structures that were put up for the occasion and taken down again. 44 00:03:35,020 --> 00:03:38,840 The Romans want to show that they are in control and that they're kind of 45 00:03:38,840 --> 00:03:41,180 stamping a Roman identity on the place. 46 00:03:41,580 --> 00:03:44,920 And an amphitheater was a really powerful way of doing that. 47 00:03:46,540 --> 00:03:51,600 It shows the level of resources, of central control. 48 00:03:52,400 --> 00:03:54,600 But the most important thing is it was a first. 49 00:03:55,160 --> 00:04:00,600 Here was a large building that could accommodate every citizen in the city 50 00:04:00,600 --> 00:04:03,120 really said, this is a Roman town. 51 00:04:16,959 --> 00:04:22,760 Following the declaration of Pompeii as a Roman colony, retired Roman veterans 52 00:04:22,760 --> 00:04:24,360 and their families are moved. 53 00:04:24,810 --> 00:04:26,290 into Pompeii. 54 00:04:26,550 --> 00:04:32,350 And thereby they displaced the previous elite and produced a new hierarchy. 55 00:04:33,050 --> 00:04:38,510 It was probably at this time that the Genzitilia clan came to Pompeii. 56 00:04:40,050 --> 00:04:43,970 And Larchus Atilius is part of this family. 57 00:04:54,349 --> 00:04:58,270 Marcus Attilius is a free man, and we can tell that by his name. 58 00:04:59,350 --> 00:05:01,610 Marcus Attilius had a very old name. 59 00:05:01,930 --> 00:05:04,070 The Gens Attilia was ancient. 60 00:05:04,330 --> 00:05:09,110 The Romans thought names had a religious, sacred quality to them. He 61 00:05:09,110 --> 00:05:13,650 borne all the history, all the weight of responsibility of that name. For 62 00:05:13,650 --> 00:05:17,030 generations, his family may have been spectators of the game. 63 00:05:17,290 --> 00:05:22,460 As a free man of the Roman Empire, Marcus Attilius... likely enjoys the 64 00:05:22,460 --> 00:05:28,600 privileges of status, comfort and wealth, and seats to Pompeii's gladiator 65 00:05:28,600 --> 00:05:34,020 games, where society's lowest fight for the entertainment of the people. 66 00:05:34,500 --> 00:05:36,840 Most gladiators are enslaved. 67 00:05:37,160 --> 00:05:38,260 They have no choice. 68 00:05:38,500 --> 00:05:45,180 They are legally treated as objects, commodities. Their only value is related 69 00:05:45,180 --> 00:05:48,120 what they would have as an enslaved individual. 70 00:05:49,210 --> 00:05:51,230 Status was everything for the Romans. 71 00:05:51,730 --> 00:05:56,670 Gladiators, like sex workers and actors, were deemed to be of low status in 72 00:05:56,670 --> 00:05:57,670 Roman society. 73 00:05:57,970 --> 00:06:02,750 Marcus Attilius comes from privilege far removed from the lower classes. 74 00:06:03,450 --> 00:06:09,570 But the arena captivates him, and he makes a decision that will change his 75 00:06:09,570 --> 00:06:10,570 forever. 76 00:06:11,370 --> 00:06:14,970 Marcus Attilius signed up to be a gladiator. 77 00:06:17,670 --> 00:06:23,350 Marcus was an auctorati, which means that he was someone who volunteered to 78 00:06:23,350 --> 00:06:28,370 gladiator. It means that he would have been handing away a lot of the 79 00:06:28,370 --> 00:06:32,550 protections that he would have had as a free Roman citizen. 80 00:06:33,770 --> 00:06:38,490 Citizenship means the right to vote, the right to trade with other Roman 81 00:06:38,490 --> 00:06:41,810 citizens, the right to be tried under Roman law, to appeal. 82 00:06:42,620 --> 00:06:47,980 To be a free man in Rome is to enjoy all the perks of being Roman. To sign it 83 00:06:47,980 --> 00:06:51,640 away to become a gladiator had a great impact on your life. 84 00:06:53,180 --> 00:06:58,140 A free person was to register that he was signing over and becoming a 85 00:06:58,220 --> 00:07:02,760 So there's an official level of bureaucracy that has to be satisfied for 86 00:07:02,760 --> 00:07:05,160 become a gladiator. And you are making a contract. 87 00:07:05,440 --> 00:07:08,820 You're going to be trained, fed and clothed, so there's an investment in 88 00:07:08,920 --> 00:07:11,480 And you have to pay back the investment by, of course, fighting. 89 00:07:12,140 --> 00:07:16,680 Generally speaking, you were a piece of property. You were there to be used. 90 00:07:17,680 --> 00:07:21,940 Technically, they become a slave when they become a gladiator, but they can 91 00:07:21,940 --> 00:07:25,680 their freedom in the arena. They can buy their freedom if they earn enough. They 92 00:07:25,680 --> 00:07:27,000 can serve out their contract. 93 00:07:28,500 --> 00:07:32,620 Gladiator schools were always on the lookout for talent. They wanted powerful 94 00:07:32,620 --> 00:07:37,760 physiques with strong spirits who might thrive in the tense atmosphere of the 95 00:07:37,760 --> 00:07:38,749 arena. 96 00:07:38,750 --> 00:07:43,690 And so there were people who were probably in pretty desperate situations 97 00:07:43,690 --> 00:07:48,570 would become gladiators because of the financial rewards that were possible. 98 00:07:49,550 --> 00:07:52,310 This was a way of buying out your debtors. 99 00:07:54,990 --> 00:07:56,850 It's unexpected, perhaps. 100 00:07:57,360 --> 00:08:01,200 that you would think about enslaved people making their own money. But in 101 00:08:01,200 --> 00:08:03,080 ancient Roman world, they could. 102 00:08:03,320 --> 00:08:09,020 For each fight, we know that gladiators would have received not just a palm 103 00:08:09,020 --> 00:08:14,480 branch for victory, but also a financial reward as well. So a free gladiator 104 00:08:14,480 --> 00:08:19,700 received a third of the money, and an enslaved gladiator received a quarter of 105 00:08:19,700 --> 00:08:20,700 the money. 106 00:08:20,910 --> 00:08:26,170 We can imagine that Marcus Apilius, a free man, might have had debt to pay 107 00:08:33,470 --> 00:08:38,870 There were also some who probably did it for the thrill, for the chance of fame 108 00:08:38,870 --> 00:08:39,808 and glory. 109 00:08:39,809 --> 00:08:42,630 We live in a time where celebrity is everything, and I don't think the rooms 110 00:08:42,630 --> 00:08:45,290 that different. The opportunity to be... 111 00:08:45,640 --> 00:08:49,280 Loved by people, to be adored by people, but also financially to change your 112 00:08:49,280 --> 00:08:50,620 status made a big difference. 113 00:08:51,740 --> 00:08:57,040 Marcus may have been attracted to this life because it seemed like it was a 114 00:08:57,040 --> 00:09:01,600 glamorous existence, perhaps. The crowd screaming your name in the arena and 115 00:09:01,600 --> 00:09:05,920 being able to become famous on a level that I think would have been difficult 116 00:09:05,920 --> 00:09:08,460 for a lot of other people in ancient Rome. 117 00:09:10,000 --> 00:09:14,080 Gladiators were sex symbols. They're attractive, muscular young men. 118 00:09:14,960 --> 00:09:19,120 to get involved in the technicalities of how you engage physically with your 119 00:09:19,120 --> 00:09:23,340 body with other men. That's so masculine from a Roman perspective. 120 00:09:24,280 --> 00:09:26,380 Ultimately, they were people who faced death. 121 00:09:26,660 --> 00:09:30,340 So there becomes a great mythology that surrounds gladiators. The fact that 122 00:09:30,340 --> 00:09:33,380 their blood could heal, their sweat was a potent aphrodisiac. 123 00:09:34,880 --> 00:09:40,180 Not just the prowess in the arena seems to set parts aflutter, but also... 124 00:09:40,720 --> 00:09:45,260 of gladiators, and their wound seems to have been a turn -on, as it were. 125 00:09:46,140 --> 00:09:51,100 There is an elite Roman woman that we hear of who's willing to throw away 126 00:09:51,100 --> 00:09:56,300 everything that she had and sail off into the sunset with her gladiator. He's 127 00:09:56,300 --> 00:10:01,020 been wounded too many times. Having to work as a gladiator has really taken its 128 00:10:01,020 --> 00:10:06,140 toll on him physically, and so she can't see it because he's a gladiator and 129 00:10:06,140 --> 00:10:07,620 just so sexually appealing. 130 00:10:09,610 --> 00:10:14,830 The second or third born son might see this as a way to make themselves 131 00:10:14,830 --> 00:10:18,850 prominent, to show their virility, if you will. 132 00:10:19,310 --> 00:10:24,610 Romans like to think of themselves as martial, military, disciplined men. And 133 00:10:24,610 --> 00:10:28,990 being a gladiator, he would train in those values. He would personify those 134 00:10:28,990 --> 00:10:29,990 values. 135 00:10:30,110 --> 00:10:35,790 There is some respect for that, even when the idea is that socially it's 136 00:10:35,790 --> 00:10:37,610 unacceptable to hang out with these people. 137 00:10:43,080 --> 00:10:48,240 Marcus Vitellius must have been pretty young to be a recruit, probably in his 138 00:10:48,240 --> 00:10:49,340 early 20s. 139 00:10:51,680 --> 00:10:57,340 He may even have a family of his own to support, but now he's actually putting 140 00:10:57,340 --> 00:10:59,720 himself out there in considerable danger. 141 00:11:00,860 --> 00:11:06,320 For somebody like Marcus Vitellius, stepping up to the front door of the 142 00:11:06,320 --> 00:11:11,440 gladiatorial school willingly and saying, I would like to fight as a 143 00:11:12,120 --> 00:11:13,240 You'd have to be nervous. 144 00:11:14,540 --> 00:11:19,120 A free -born person who was entering a gladiatorial troop was making a real 145 00:11:19,120 --> 00:11:20,780 commitment, a real decision. 146 00:11:22,860 --> 00:11:27,000 Marcus entered an environment which some have described like a prison. There are 147 00:11:27,000 --> 00:11:30,860 all sorts of codes of behavior, where there are all sorts of explicit and 148 00:11:30,860 --> 00:11:32,040 implicit hierarchies. 149 00:11:33,060 --> 00:11:37,460 Marcus would have had to work his way up that gladiatorial hierarchy. 150 00:11:38,700 --> 00:11:40,500 We may never know for certain. 151 00:11:41,000 --> 00:11:45,700 Why a free man like Marcus Attilius has surrendered himself to become a 152 00:11:45,700 --> 00:11:49,040 gladiator. Perhaps deaths have driven his choice. 153 00:11:49,300 --> 00:11:51,240 But now one thing is clear. 154 00:11:51,780 --> 00:11:55,680 His option is either to fight and survive or to die. 155 00:12:00,540 --> 00:12:07,160 Born a free man, Marcus 156 00:12:07,160 --> 00:12:12,060 Attilius. has signed his life away to become a gladiator. 157 00:12:12,540 --> 00:12:16,820 You can imagine that if you're going to have a lot of shows on, you need a 158 00:12:16,820 --> 00:12:18,720 steady supply of gladiators. 159 00:12:19,780 --> 00:12:23,780 Pompeii was a big enough amphitheater that it needed its own ludus, its own 160 00:12:23,780 --> 00:12:24,780 training school. 161 00:12:25,860 --> 00:12:32,540 A wealthy and powerful figure called Alanista runs the ludus and owns the 162 00:12:32,540 --> 00:12:33,540 gladiators. 163 00:12:34,120 --> 00:12:39,340 Alanista could be anyone from former fighters, to ambitious businessmen. 164 00:12:40,420 --> 00:12:44,680 Outside Rome, we hear of many people all over the place, including at least one 165 00:12:44,680 --> 00:12:47,120 woman who owned her own gladiatorial troop. 166 00:12:49,360 --> 00:12:54,020 Enslaved gladiators were kept inside the ludus. They were courted there. 167 00:12:54,240 --> 00:12:58,800 But for a free person like Marcus Atilius serving as a gladiator, it's not 168 00:12:58,800 --> 00:13:03,620 all clear whether they would have been barracked with the enslaved gladiators 169 00:13:03,620 --> 00:13:05,020 whether they would have lived at home. 170 00:13:08,430 --> 00:13:14,310 In Pompeii, the Ludus had a very large training field called a palaestra, and 171 00:13:14,310 --> 00:13:19,110 many, many posts, these palae, singular palas, where gladiators trained at. 172 00:13:19,750 --> 00:13:24,610 And your place in the gladiatorial hierarchy depended upon which post you 173 00:13:24,610 --> 00:13:29,050 at. The most senior, the highest status gladiator was referred to as the primus 174 00:13:29,050 --> 00:13:30,050 palas. 175 00:13:30,930 --> 00:13:34,470 You have to look at the leaders and the leaders of the club and the club 176 00:13:34,470 --> 00:13:37,810 manager. You've got your premier players, you've got your champions, the 177 00:13:37,810 --> 00:13:40,990 who you know not only have a good draw and a good following, but on a good 178 00:13:40,990 --> 00:13:43,990 performance. You've got your middle -of -the -way guys, and then you've got the 179 00:13:43,990 --> 00:13:47,470 people who really aren't very good. Your standard players kind of really just 180 00:13:47,470 --> 00:13:48,970 make up the numbers more than anything else. 181 00:13:49,450 --> 00:13:55,130 He would initially be a tiro, a recruit or a rookie, and then as his number of 182 00:13:55,130 --> 00:13:59,890 victories in the arena climbed, his status would climb as well, and the 183 00:13:59,890 --> 00:14:03,970 of money that he would receive for victories or even for fights would 184 00:14:08,970 --> 00:14:13,270 Marcus would have been trained in general strength, which was sometimes 185 00:14:13,270 --> 00:14:14,270 hordeare. 186 00:14:14,810 --> 00:14:19,190 barley men because they ate so much food and that was all about building up 187 00:14:19,190 --> 00:14:26,150 muscle he will also have acquired technical skill you know how 188 00:14:26,150 --> 00:14:31,310 to use the weapon that he was going to be an expert in you're using wooden 189 00:14:31,310 --> 00:14:34,990 weapons because you want to make sure as a linista that your gladios aren't 190 00:14:34,990 --> 00:14:38,980 damaging themselves before the fight and thus need to be replaced And then after 191 00:14:38,980 --> 00:14:43,260 that, you would have had deal dulled weapons so that you got the correct 192 00:14:43,260 --> 00:14:46,480 techniques, but also you got used to the actual weapon you're going to be using 193 00:14:46,480 --> 00:14:47,480 in the arena. 194 00:14:49,840 --> 00:14:54,760 He would become a specific type of gladiator, probably physique as much as 195 00:14:54,760 --> 00:14:57,620 anything that determined what type of gladiator you became. 196 00:14:58,980 --> 00:15:00,220 You underwent a medical. 197 00:15:00,640 --> 00:15:05,220 And this comes from a Greek tradition of choosing athletes by their physiques. 198 00:15:05,300 --> 00:15:08,820 So according to the physique that you had, were you tall and slender, 199 00:15:09,100 --> 00:15:10,180 you'd make a good rotiarius. 200 00:15:10,460 --> 00:15:15,480 Were you bulky and mean and physically imposing, you'd make a good murmillo or 201 00:15:15,480 --> 00:15:16,480 maybe a secutor. 202 00:15:17,000 --> 00:15:21,900 So Marcus is a murmillo. They're named after this type of fish that went on the 203 00:15:21,900 --> 00:15:23,040 helmet that they wore. 204 00:15:23,980 --> 00:15:29,320 We have to remember that Marcus was born a free man and had a different 205 00:15:29,320 --> 00:15:34,000 upbringing and different nutrition, I should guess, than someone who had long 206 00:15:34,000 --> 00:15:35,520 spent their life in slavery. 207 00:15:37,060 --> 00:15:40,700 This meant that he had to learn to fight in a very particular style. 208 00:15:44,600 --> 00:15:47,820 Each style of fighter had their own trainer. 209 00:15:49,180 --> 00:15:51,740 Mamillo are fighting with shield and sword. 210 00:15:52,650 --> 00:15:54,570 They're quite heavily protected. 211 00:15:55,430 --> 00:16:00,830 Marcus Attilius would have had an arm protector on his right arm, his sword 212 00:16:01,270 --> 00:16:06,250 And on the left leg, he would have had a leg protector with a greave. 213 00:16:06,550 --> 00:16:10,650 And so as he stepped forward under his shield, that leg would have been 214 00:16:10,650 --> 00:16:11,650 protected. 215 00:16:13,690 --> 00:16:20,610 And all of the elements of his costume, as it were, would set him up visually. 216 00:16:21,450 --> 00:16:24,750 to be seen specifically by the crowd in a particular way. 217 00:16:28,210 --> 00:16:32,550 Marcus Aetilius would have been trained in the art of performance as well. 218 00:16:33,070 --> 00:16:38,410 The gladiatorial combat was a show. It was designed to entertain and impress. 219 00:16:38,570 --> 00:16:43,070 You would want to draw it out to make it as thrilling as possible. 220 00:16:46,600 --> 00:16:51,140 The custom -built barracks that were erected suggest that they had a training 221 00:16:51,140 --> 00:16:52,680 arena with seating. 222 00:16:52,980 --> 00:16:58,340 So it's possible that the public were invited in and could attend some of 223 00:16:58,340 --> 00:17:01,600 practice sessions. That must be part of the training. 224 00:17:01,840 --> 00:17:07,460 You have to know how to manage if the spectators are heckling or being rude. 225 00:17:07,460 --> 00:17:09,119 concentration has to be sustained. 226 00:17:10,940 --> 00:17:17,290 After months of grueling training, Marcus Atilius... is ready for his first 227 00:17:17,290 --> 00:17:20,589 professional fight in front of a crowd. 228 00:17:22,329 --> 00:17:25,810 Marcus had embarked on his gladiatorial journey, and as it happened, there were 229 00:17:25,810 --> 00:17:31,090 going to be major games held in the year 59 at Pompeii, and inviting also the 230 00:17:31,090 --> 00:17:33,310 neighboring town of Lucaria to witness. 231 00:17:34,650 --> 00:17:40,430 Ordinarily, the safest type of spectacle to attend in the Roman world was a 232 00:17:40,430 --> 00:17:41,710 gladiatorial combat. 233 00:17:42,760 --> 00:17:47,240 There were a lot of safeguards to prevent spectators from being hurt. 234 00:17:49,660 --> 00:17:53,200 People were emotionally vested in the games. They were very passionate about 235 00:17:53,200 --> 00:17:54,200 them in antiquity. 236 00:17:54,420 --> 00:17:57,720 Unfortunately, as we know, even through modern times, those passions can 237 00:17:57,720 --> 00:17:59,540 transcribe themselves sadly into violence. 238 00:18:00,200 --> 00:18:05,900 Marcus Atilius continues his training, but an ominous energy grips the city. 239 00:18:07,040 --> 00:18:11,800 Pompeii is about to experience chaos on an overwhelming scale. 240 00:18:18,570 --> 00:18:21,470 We can imagine it was a hot day in Pompeii. 241 00:18:22,690 --> 00:18:26,670 The sails were out. This was a big awning that spread out over the 242 00:18:26,690 --> 00:18:30,190 which would only be used for the hottest days and also the most expensive and 243 00:18:30,190 --> 00:18:31,190 most lavish games. 244 00:18:33,890 --> 00:18:38,890 This, no doubt, also helped heat up the atmosphere within the amphitheater. 245 00:18:44,490 --> 00:18:47,710 At the games held in Pompeii in 59 CE, 246 00:18:48,560 --> 00:18:53,020 There's a big crowd, but they're not only Pompeians, they also come from the 247 00:18:53,020 --> 00:18:54,580 nearby town of New Syria. 248 00:18:57,680 --> 00:19:03,460 And that has been a long -time rival of Pompeii, really going right back to the 249 00:19:03,460 --> 00:19:05,220 start of the 1st century BCE. 250 00:19:10,960 --> 00:19:14,600 They start sort of insulting each other, just throwing taunts. 251 00:19:16,200 --> 00:19:21,400 The insults turn to stone -throwing, and then knives are drawn. 252 00:19:24,760 --> 00:19:27,280 Pretty soon, it degenerated into open violence. 253 00:19:39,630 --> 00:19:43,990 For a Pompeian like Marcus, even someone who had trained as a gladiator, the 254 00:19:43,990 --> 00:19:46,950 amount of bloodshed that day would have been remarkable. 255 00:19:47,630 --> 00:19:52,370 And the reason, because it was not just in the arena and indiscriminate 256 00:19:52,370 --> 00:19:56,450 slaughter, but it was outside the walls of the amphitheater itself. 257 00:19:58,730 --> 00:20:02,050 Far beyond the sand of the central stage. 258 00:20:06,320 --> 00:20:10,500 spread out into the city, even into the gladiatorial barracks next door. 259 00:20:15,860 --> 00:20:21,180 It's clearly based on loyalty to your local town. It's Pompeii versus New 260 00:20:21,440 --> 00:20:25,040 It's comparable to modern football hooliganism in a way. 261 00:20:26,340 --> 00:20:31,560 Fanaticism taken to extremes that go way beyond the sporting level. 262 00:20:32,919 --> 00:20:34,600 Many Nutherians die. 263 00:20:34,840 --> 00:20:36,200 The Pompeians win. 264 00:20:45,920 --> 00:20:51,080 The games are abandoned and the gladiators are sent back to their 265 00:20:55,500 --> 00:20:59,820 The Nutherians were on the losing side and they are the ones that take it to 266 00:20:59,820 --> 00:21:00,820 Roman Senate. 267 00:21:01,610 --> 00:21:06,230 This is not normal business for Pompeii. They would usually have been taking 268 00:21:06,230 --> 00:21:08,330 care of their own business as much as possible. 269 00:21:09,710 --> 00:21:12,450 The authorities in Rome don't like disorder. 270 00:21:12,730 --> 00:21:14,670 They don't like this riot that's happened. 271 00:21:15,970 --> 00:21:18,430 It ended up getting the Emperor Nero involved. 272 00:21:19,530 --> 00:21:22,390 It was viewed as absolutely extraordinary. 273 00:21:22,710 --> 00:21:27,450 It was breaking the fourth wall, so to speak, in a way that shocked the entire 274 00:21:27,450 --> 00:21:28,450 Roman world. 275 00:21:28,840 --> 00:21:32,980 And in response, they banned the games in Pompeii for ten years. 276 00:21:38,820 --> 00:21:40,060 This is a big thing. 277 00:21:40,260 --> 00:21:42,880 I mean, this is the highlight of the entertainment calendar. 278 00:21:43,200 --> 00:21:46,280 It would be like banning a football team for a city. 279 00:21:46,480 --> 00:21:50,440 The reason why the gladiatorial games were banned as a punishment for this is 280 00:21:50,440 --> 00:21:53,860 because they were sort of implicated in making this happen, that if things are 281 00:21:53,860 --> 00:21:56,380 going to get out of control, it will be in this sort of environment. 282 00:21:57,870 --> 00:22:02,910 The Romans took this incredibly seriously. That is not something that 283 00:22:02,910 --> 00:22:05,250 impose lightly, taking away people's gains. 284 00:22:08,630 --> 00:22:13,570 With the games banned, the future of the gladiators and the looters is 285 00:22:13,570 --> 00:22:14,570 uncertain. 286 00:22:14,950 --> 00:22:19,430 They can neither fight nor earn their share of the coveted prize money. 287 00:22:20,730 --> 00:22:25,230 Yet the insatiable thirst for gladiatorial combat remains. 288 00:22:28,730 --> 00:22:32,130 Banning the games is a big thing, but the ban is not enforced. 289 00:22:33,370 --> 00:22:37,450 The appetite for gladiatorial combat was too great for the press. 290 00:22:39,550 --> 00:22:44,950 Finally, the novice is called upon to fight, and he is facing a legendary 291 00:22:44,950 --> 00:22:48,450 gladiator, the veteran, Hilarus. 292 00:22:49,190 --> 00:22:53,450 Not only was Hilarus the great victor, but he was a member of a very well 293 00:22:53,450 --> 00:22:55,190 -established gladiatorial troop. 294 00:22:55,690 --> 00:22:58,250 the troop for Nero. He was a Neroniana. 295 00:23:00,390 --> 00:23:07,230 Pitted against such a famous gladiator, Marcus Aetilius' first fight may also 296 00:23:07,230 --> 00:23:08,230 be his last. 297 00:23:17,770 --> 00:23:22,590 The games were the high point in the rhythm of a city. 298 00:23:23,100 --> 00:23:27,140 And so there must have been a lot of excitement generated on days when they 299 00:23:27,140 --> 00:23:28,140 going to occur. 300 00:23:36,180 --> 00:23:40,280 The size of the amphitheatre is approximately 20 ,000 people. This was a 301 00:23:40,280 --> 00:23:41,219 big event. 302 00:23:41,220 --> 00:23:44,440 This is probably bigger than the population of Pompeii itself. 303 00:23:44,720 --> 00:23:49,060 So it shows how people are coming in from the countryside and from nearby 304 00:23:50,100 --> 00:23:52,180 The crowd is at capacity. 305 00:23:52,890 --> 00:23:59,870 One of the most famous gladiators of the period, Hilarius, is on board to 306 00:23:59,870 --> 00:24:00,829 fight. 307 00:24:00,830 --> 00:24:06,550 And if you've got a headline act, like somebody who is the favourite of the 308 00:24:06,550 --> 00:24:09,070 emperor, that's a spectacle you definitely want to see. 309 00:24:10,730 --> 00:24:14,370 There's a lot riding on this particular combat for Marcus. 310 00:24:14,570 --> 00:24:18,270 His name, but also his economic freedom. 311 00:24:20,430 --> 00:24:25,790 So he's waiting in anticipation, backstage, for the very first combat of 312 00:24:25,790 --> 00:24:26,790 career. 313 00:24:35,410 --> 00:24:40,450 So the games open with a procession where the giver of the games would lead 314 00:24:40,450 --> 00:24:44,690 to the stage all of the performers that the crowd were going to enjoy seeing. 315 00:24:50,600 --> 00:24:56,140 At some place like Pompeii, a display of 30 pairs of gladiators would have been 316 00:24:56,140 --> 00:24:57,880 viewed as large. 317 00:24:59,900 --> 00:25:05,340 The gladiators would warm up dancing or shaking their weapons. Perhaps they 318 00:25:05,340 --> 00:25:07,100 offer challenges to their coming opponents. 319 00:25:09,980 --> 00:25:14,100 You'd also have little displays where they would test the sharpness of the 320 00:25:14,100 --> 00:25:16,320 weapons that the gladiators were going to fight with. 321 00:25:16,620 --> 00:25:20,160 And just accentuate the danger that the gladiator was facing. How brave are 322 00:25:20,160 --> 00:25:23,420 these men? They're going to use something that can cut a cantaloupe in 323 00:25:23,420 --> 00:25:24,420 fight each other with it. 324 00:25:24,940 --> 00:25:29,840 Having demonstrated the deadly edges of their weapons, the fighters head 325 00:25:29,840 --> 00:25:33,680 backstage so the day's spectacle can truly begin. 326 00:25:34,480 --> 00:25:39,100 There was a rhythm to the day, obviously, to manipulate the emotions of 327 00:25:39,100 --> 00:25:42,100 crowd. And it usually started off with beast fights. 328 00:25:43,040 --> 00:25:46,440 Countless beasts are killed for the crowd's amusement. 329 00:25:46,840 --> 00:25:53,540 The arena is a place of brutality and bloodshed. And later, when the 330 00:25:53,540 --> 00:25:57,400 enter the arena, survival will not be guaranteed. 331 00:25:57,960 --> 00:26:03,080 The best estimate is that there was about a 1 in 10 chance that a gladiator 332 00:26:03,080 --> 00:26:06,780 would actually die as a result of a gladiatorial fight. 333 00:26:07,720 --> 00:26:10,360 Gladiators were too expensive to squander. 334 00:26:10,940 --> 00:26:13,480 There was too much that went into their training, and there was also too much 335 00:26:13,480 --> 00:26:16,540 potential revenue that could be generated from their prowess. 336 00:26:17,400 --> 00:26:22,440 It could never get too out of control because the entire economy of the 337 00:26:22,440 --> 00:26:23,440 would collapse. 338 00:26:26,680 --> 00:26:31,800 There would have been referees, the referees called a summa ruta, so there 339 00:26:31,800 --> 00:26:34,160 rules that govern these combat as well. 340 00:26:35,600 --> 00:26:40,000 There are standards of behavior between gladiators. They can submit ad digitum 341 00:26:40,000 --> 00:26:43,300 as soon as they're wounded, or if they think that they need to surrender, they 342 00:26:43,300 --> 00:26:47,500 hold up a finger, they show that to the referee, and the referee then stops the 343 00:26:47,500 --> 00:26:53,040 fight. But we often see depictions where they're actually turning their back on 344 00:26:53,040 --> 00:26:57,360 their opponent to hold up a finger to signal to the referee. That means they 345 00:26:57,360 --> 00:27:00,900 trust their opponent enough that their opponent's not going to take that 346 00:27:00,900 --> 00:27:03,060 opportunity to actually kill them. 347 00:27:04,910 --> 00:27:08,230 On the other hand, none of this would have the appeal unless there was the 348 00:27:08,230 --> 00:27:09,350 actual chance of death. 349 00:27:11,750 --> 00:27:14,830 Marcus would certainly have been aware that the combat could be fatal. 350 00:27:25,260 --> 00:27:30,440 Climax, as it were, came after lunch when the professional gladiators 351 00:27:30,560 --> 00:27:34,940 And this would have been really the culmination of the entire day's 352 00:27:35,040 --> 00:27:36,620 what everyone was looking forward to. 353 00:27:37,840 --> 00:27:42,780 Marcus is still waiting in the wings for his time to appear in the arena. 354 00:27:43,820 --> 00:27:49,400 Marcus Atilius has likely spent the day in suspense, counting down the hours 355 00:27:49,400 --> 00:27:53,720 till his own brutal debut against experienced opponent. 356 00:27:54,750 --> 00:28:00,210 You can imagine that he's putting on his armor. He's trying to warm himself up, 357 00:28:00,250 --> 00:28:02,310 really trying to get in focus. 358 00:28:02,690 --> 00:28:04,630 Probably praying to the god. 359 00:28:06,750 --> 00:28:11,050 Marcus Aetilius is probably not far away from his opponent. There's not that 360 00:28:11,050 --> 00:28:12,050 much room backstage. 361 00:28:16,210 --> 00:28:19,370 Hillers is part of the emperor's own team. 362 00:28:20,120 --> 00:28:22,760 This is a very prestigious school. It's a prestigious team. 363 00:28:22,960 --> 00:28:24,660 They will have travelled throughout the empire. 364 00:28:24,960 --> 00:28:25,919 They will have done fights. 365 00:28:25,920 --> 00:28:27,880 He's obviously got a great career. He's a veteran. 366 00:28:28,180 --> 00:28:30,460 He's already won 12 out of his 13 fights. 367 00:28:34,560 --> 00:28:38,400 They're probably trying to out -spike each other a bit, or out -stare each 368 00:28:38,400 --> 00:28:42,860 other. And they're trying to sort of really cut that out and focus on the job 369 00:28:42,860 --> 00:28:43,860 hand. 370 00:28:52,460 --> 00:28:57,960 It has been a long journey, but Marcus Attilius, the free man turned gladiator, 371 00:28:58,120 --> 00:29:01,640 is finally ready for his first battle in the arena. 372 00:29:02,220 --> 00:29:07,620 His opponent, one of the mightiest ever seen in Pompeii. 373 00:29:12,960 --> 00:29:17,700 In the tunnels it's quite dark, and then you walk into the sun and it's almost 374 00:29:17,700 --> 00:29:18,700 blinding for a minute. 375 00:29:41,530 --> 00:29:46,550 Marcus is a tyro. He's a newcomer. Even though he's strong and able, this is his 376 00:29:46,550 --> 00:29:50,170 first fight, and he's facing a well -known veteran, Hilarus. 377 00:29:50,950 --> 00:29:56,290 He is full of anticipation and full of anxiety that this might be the day of 378 00:29:56,290 --> 00:29:57,290 death. 379 00:30:06,190 --> 00:30:08,030 One thing that the Romans... 380 00:30:08,400 --> 00:30:12,820 delighted in was matching differently armed gladiators against each other. 381 00:30:13,800 --> 00:30:17,860 Marcus is a Myrmilo and Hilarus is a Thryx. 382 00:30:18,120 --> 00:30:24,020 A Myrmilo is very heavily armed, lower moving, but if he hit you, then you 383 00:30:24,020 --> 00:30:24,939 stayed hit. 384 00:30:24,940 --> 00:30:31,140 The Thryx has a smaller shield and also a curved or bent sword which would 385 00:30:31,140 --> 00:30:34,240 enable him to get over the shoulder of his opponent. 386 00:30:35,680 --> 00:30:42,100 Hilarus would have been a bit nimbler than Marcus, but equally probably less 387 00:30:42,100 --> 00:30:44,340 likely to knock you out with one killer blow. 388 00:31:11,530 --> 00:31:15,190 With each strike at Marcus will the crowd roars. 389 00:31:16,350 --> 00:31:21,450 Marcus Attilius as a mamillo with his big, big shield was far more rooted to 390 00:31:21,450 --> 00:31:26,170 spot. If it's hot outside, you have all of this heavy armor on, you would wear 391 00:31:26,170 --> 00:31:28,990 down very quickly in the heat of the sun in the stress of combat. 392 00:31:31,970 --> 00:31:37,430 Marcus Attilius must have been much more still and try and turn to track where 393 00:31:37,430 --> 00:31:39,690 his opponent was going around the arena. 394 00:31:44,170 --> 00:31:50,110 The fight itself was certainly not some sort of brawl. It's very skillful and 395 00:31:50,110 --> 00:31:52,210 it's often described as being quite elegant. 396 00:31:52,550 --> 00:31:56,790 The orchestration of a fight must have been partly choreographed but partly 397 00:31:56,790 --> 00:32:00,490 depends very much on responses in the moment. 398 00:32:02,230 --> 00:32:07,730 The fighters would be using a series of strokes to try and gain an advantage 399 00:32:07,730 --> 00:32:08,730 over the competitor. 400 00:32:09,450 --> 00:32:13,770 really wear the opponent down, find a way through their defences. 401 00:32:14,050 --> 00:32:16,970 It's not all about delivering one killer blow. 402 00:32:19,510 --> 00:32:24,370 Marcus's helmet was really big and heavy and it's really hard to see through the 403 00:32:24,370 --> 00:32:25,450 visor of both helmets. 404 00:32:25,750 --> 00:32:29,790 He had to maintain presumably laser focus on his opponent. 405 00:32:35,920 --> 00:32:41,700 To even stand a chance against a veteran like Hilaris, Marcus would have had to 406 00:32:41,700 --> 00:32:44,000 have been exceptionally strong and able. 407 00:33:00,980 --> 00:33:04,500 Marcus delivers a crushing blow to Hilaris. 408 00:33:13,060 --> 00:33:18,060 Hilaris raises an index finger and requests a reprieve. 409 00:33:19,960 --> 00:33:21,400 Marcus is victorious. 410 00:33:26,520 --> 00:33:28,500 The fight is a huge upset. 411 00:33:28,700 --> 00:33:33,080 The champion, Hilaris, has lost his title to the tier of the novice, the 412 00:33:33,080 --> 00:33:35,240 upcomer, the new start, Marcus Attili. 413 00:33:39,920 --> 00:33:45,380 The crowd must have been... thrilled to see a first -time fighter like Marcus 414 00:33:45,380 --> 00:33:47,620 bring down Ilaris and vanquish him. 415 00:33:49,540 --> 00:33:51,640 This is a stunning upset. 416 00:33:52,800 --> 00:33:56,000 Newcomers almost never defeat veterans of this caliber. 417 00:33:58,260 --> 00:34:00,060 Marcus has had a very crucial point in his career. 418 00:34:00,380 --> 00:34:01,560 He's just come off a big win. 419 00:34:01,820 --> 00:34:05,440 If he's in the arena to pay off his debts, we can say that a win such as 420 00:34:05,440 --> 00:34:07,380 one would have put a huge dent in his debt. 421 00:34:08,350 --> 00:34:12,449 Marcus will have had a signing -on fee for becoming a gladiator, and he will 422 00:34:12,449 --> 00:34:14,449 have had the share of the profits for having won. 423 00:34:16,230 --> 00:34:20,429 He has to capitalize on that fever that he's created, that excitement. 424 00:34:21,030 --> 00:34:23,050 The problem is, where does he go afterwards? 425 00:34:23,489 --> 00:34:27,290 Because having beat the champion, the question is, who's he going to fight 426 00:34:28,909 --> 00:34:31,770 Marcus Atilius must rest and heal. 427 00:34:32,550 --> 00:34:36,969 His victory over Hilarus has won him considerable money. 428 00:34:37,900 --> 00:34:41,120 But he is still contracted to the Ludus' owner. 429 00:34:41,420 --> 00:34:43,840 His life as a gladiator continues. 430 00:34:44,800 --> 00:34:50,679 And soon he will return to the arena to face another formidable foe. 431 00:34:51,739 --> 00:34:55,159 Marcus goes on to fight Lucius Recius Felix. 432 00:34:58,000 --> 00:35:01,960 A gladiator with a very distinguished record. 433 00:35:02,240 --> 00:35:05,940 He has 12 fights to his credit, 12 victories. 434 00:35:08,460 --> 00:35:10,720 He's a serious fighter. 435 00:35:11,080 --> 00:35:13,160 He's from one of the big stables. 436 00:35:16,720 --> 00:35:23,480 When Marcus Attilius faces Lucius Raicus Felix, his challenge is to win 437 00:35:23,480 --> 00:35:24,480 the fight. 438 00:35:25,180 --> 00:35:30,260 Winning an incontrovertible victory is what gladiatorial combat was about. 439 00:35:52,560 --> 00:35:55,860 To the crowd's astonishment, Marcus wins again. 440 00:35:56,420 --> 00:36:01,980 The fight ends with Lucius kneeling on the sand floor of the amphitheater, 441 00:36:02,080 --> 00:36:08,740 taking his helmet off, laying it next to him, and begging Marcus for missio. 442 00:36:17,920 --> 00:36:21,360 Marcus Aetilius, he has made it. 443 00:36:21,720 --> 00:36:23,800 Big time as a gladiator. 444 00:36:24,280 --> 00:36:27,720 After just two fights, Marcus has secured his fame. 445 00:36:28,000 --> 00:36:32,920 Not only has he pulled off some remarkable victories against some 446 00:36:32,920 --> 00:36:38,540 foes, but this has meant that he has won his freedom and has been able to pay 447 00:36:38,540 --> 00:36:39,540 off his debt. 448 00:36:41,220 --> 00:36:48,160 He is now free from the personal enslavement that he took upon himself in 449 00:36:48,160 --> 00:36:50,620 rocking up to the looters and saying, I want to fight. 450 00:36:50,990 --> 00:36:51,990 As a gladiator. 451 00:36:53,130 --> 00:36:56,670 In this case, his career choice did indeed pay off. 452 00:37:01,150 --> 00:37:06,550 One can imagine, after retiring from the gladiatorial arena, the type of life he 453 00:37:06,550 --> 00:37:11,250 would have held in Pompeii. He could have rejoined the Ludith as a veteran 454 00:37:11,250 --> 00:37:14,770 gladiator, fought for even more money, almost like a free agent. 455 00:37:17,360 --> 00:37:21,800 He could join the ludic not as a gladiator, but maybe as a trainer. 456 00:37:22,120 --> 00:37:27,360 He might even turn into a gladiatorial lenista, a businessman involved in the 457 00:37:27,360 --> 00:37:30,040 show, or he could leave the profession entirely and do something else. 458 00:37:33,280 --> 00:37:39,600 Lockett has attained fame and celebrity, yet there is something dark on the 459 00:37:39,600 --> 00:37:41,220 horizon in Pompeii. 460 00:37:42,680 --> 00:37:44,500 Change is afoot. 461 00:38:04,300 --> 00:38:10,320 Pompeii had suffered quite a serious earthquake 17 years previously in 62 AD, 462 00:38:10,320 --> 00:38:16,300 they're not completely unused to the idea that there can be natural problems 463 00:38:16,300 --> 00:38:17,300 living in that area. 464 00:38:17,600 --> 00:38:21,000 But the city had built up quite a lot again since then. 465 00:38:28,920 --> 00:38:34,080 Pompeii exists in the shadow of Mount Vesuvius, which is an active volcano. 466 00:38:37,800 --> 00:38:42,520 Whether they knew it was active or not is another question because it hadn't 467 00:38:42,520 --> 00:38:44,100 erupted for quite some time. 468 00:38:52,900 --> 00:38:57,560 The eruption begins on the 24th of August, 79 CE. 469 00:39:02,060 --> 00:39:05,900 People probably would have been going around their day -to -day business and 470 00:39:05,900 --> 00:39:11,100 then they would have seen the initial cloud building up coming out of 471 00:39:12,080 --> 00:39:15,960 That cloud became bigger and bigger and more threatening. 472 00:39:22,220 --> 00:39:25,960 Nobody knew what an eruption would actually look like. 473 00:39:26,980 --> 00:39:30,420 I think to begin with, They would have known how to react. 474 00:39:30,680 --> 00:39:33,800 I mean, they probably thought that this is some sign from the gods. 475 00:39:34,020 --> 00:39:38,360 I think many of them will have seen it as a bad omen about what was going to 476 00:39:38,360 --> 00:39:39,360 happen. 477 00:39:42,400 --> 00:39:44,460 And then the mountain erupted. 478 00:39:48,180 --> 00:39:50,860 It goes kilometres up into the sky. 479 00:39:51,320 --> 00:39:55,440 Hummers and other sorts of volcanic debris would have started to rain down 480 00:39:55,440 --> 00:39:56,440 the people. 481 00:39:56,620 --> 00:39:57,700 The Pompeian. 482 00:39:58,170 --> 00:39:59,170 Look at the sky. 483 00:39:59,310 --> 00:40:01,850 The god Vulcan is angry. 484 00:40:02,090 --> 00:40:05,670 Ash and fire rain down. It is apocalyptic. 485 00:40:06,730 --> 00:40:12,150 For someone like Marcus, who had braved the terrors of the gladiatorial 486 00:40:12,150 --> 00:40:17,730 amphitheater, well, this was an exponentially more terrifying sight. 487 00:40:20,450 --> 00:40:24,890 People were trying to escape, charging through the city, carrying what little 488 00:40:24,890 --> 00:40:26,050 they could with them. 489 00:40:28,430 --> 00:40:29,690 They tried to flee. 490 00:40:44,910 --> 00:40:49,990 It was a disaster such as the ancient world had not seen in millennia. 491 00:40:51,880 --> 00:40:55,880 Marcus Attilius could have actually died in the eruption if he was still in 492 00:40:55,880 --> 00:40:58,100 Pompeii and didn't manage to escape. 493 00:40:59,340 --> 00:41:01,500 Vesuvius destroyed Pompeii. 494 00:41:01,940 --> 00:41:08,920 A thick layer of volcanic rock and ash buried the city, preserving a world 495 00:41:08,920 --> 00:41:15,760 frozen in time and offering rare insight into Roman life and the world of the 496 00:41:15,760 --> 00:41:16,760 gladiator. 497 00:41:17,420 --> 00:41:21,120 Because of the way that Pompeii was preserved, we have access. 498 00:41:21,500 --> 00:41:26,020 to so much more about this society than we do have for many locations in the 499 00:41:26,020 --> 00:41:27,020 Roman world. 500 00:41:27,680 --> 00:41:32,680 It is because of the eruption that we know about Marcus Atilius. The record of 501 00:41:32,680 --> 00:41:36,020 him is two graffiti on the walls of Pompeii. 502 00:41:36,640 --> 00:41:41,300 And those graffiti would have long, long, long since disappeared if the city 503 00:41:41,300 --> 00:41:44,180 not been destroyed in that frozen moment of the eruption. 504 00:41:46,460 --> 00:41:51,300 Pompeii gives us a really unique insight into Roman life. We have big buildings 505 00:41:51,300 --> 00:41:55,520 like the Colosseum that survive in Rome, but we don't have a snapshot into the 506 00:41:55,520 --> 00:41:59,220 more intimate details of daily life that you get from Pompeii. 507 00:42:00,620 --> 00:42:04,400 We get a completely different view of ordinary people with all their graffiti, 508 00:42:04,540 --> 00:42:05,760 for example, that survive. 509 00:42:06,640 --> 00:42:11,420 We have numbers of graffiti that are about gladiatorial fights, about fights 510 00:42:11,420 --> 00:42:15,020 that are going to happen. They record the results of what happened. 511 00:42:15,280 --> 00:42:20,120 We have some graffiti that give little pictures of gladiators that are held up 512 00:42:20,120 --> 00:42:22,300 as heartthrobs or seen as particularly successful. 513 00:42:24,700 --> 00:42:29,060 We know about the riots in Pompeii because we have an incredible artwork 514 00:42:29,060 --> 00:42:31,540 exists till today, which is a fresco of the riots. 515 00:42:32,220 --> 00:42:37,480 To have evidence that comes from people inscribing on the walls is quite 516 00:42:37,480 --> 00:42:43,760 something. What is striking is that some bones of a woman have been found in the 517 00:42:43,760 --> 00:42:49,760 Ludus of Pompeii. It is possible that she was the owner of the Ludus. She was 518 00:42:49,760 --> 00:42:53,620 found with quite expensive jewellery, which suggests a higher status or at 519 00:42:53,620 --> 00:42:54,940 higher wealth in the community. 520 00:42:56,110 --> 00:43:01,130 we can see where the gladiators would have been living in Pompeii and where 521 00:43:01,130 --> 00:43:02,130 would have been training. 522 00:43:03,250 --> 00:43:07,450 We've also found gladiatorial armour in the ruins at Pompeii. 523 00:43:09,190 --> 00:43:14,250 And we do have Marcus appearing in this graffiti. That's how we know about the 524 00:43:14,250 --> 00:43:19,670 fight that he took part in, because of the drawing of him and also the 525 00:43:19,670 --> 00:43:23,850 annotations that people made to the graffiti about what happened exactly in 526 00:43:23,850 --> 00:43:24,850 fight. 527 00:43:25,360 --> 00:43:30,360 Marcus Attilius achieved greatness fighting in the amphitheater. 528 00:43:30,980 --> 00:43:37,640 The eruption of Vesuvius may have killed him, but it also preserved his legacy. 529 00:43:38,420 --> 00:43:45,300 It is how we know of the free man who became a gladiator and a 530 00:43:45,300 --> 00:43:48,160 hero to the people of Pompeii.